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1.
Rev. cuba. hematol. inmunol. hemoter ; 35(3): e955, jul.-set. 2019. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1093276

RESUMO

Introducción: La principal causa de mortalidad temprana en pacientes politraumatizados es la hipovolemia secundaria a hemorragia masiva. La terapia con hemocomponentes y cristaloides constituye un mecanismo esencial y salvavidas en estas situaciones como medida de reemplazo de volumen. De la misma manera los pacientes con lesiones traumáticas graves tienen una disminución aguda significativa en el recuento de plaquetas circulantes que los hace candidatos a la transfusión de componentes plaquetarios; sin embargo, el uso de estos componentes sanguíneos puede traer consigo desenlaces no deseados como aumento en la mortalidad. Si bien muchos estudios revelan un aumento de la mortalidad como desenlace asociado al uso de hemocomponentes, otros establecen su uso como una medida reductora de este desenlace. Objetivo: Exponer las principales indicaciones de hemocomponentes en los pacientes politraumatizados, así como relacionar los eventos adversos asociados a su uso que influyen sobre la mortalidad y el tiempo de hospitalización de estos pacientes. Desarrollo: La mortalidad asociada al uso de hemocomponentes aún es un tema controvertido. En la hemorragia masiva el apoyo transfusional rápido y eficiente es esencial en el tratamiento y la atención de politraumatismos, de ahí que sea necesario contar con protocolos de transfusión que mejoren los resultados y disminuyan las complicaciones. Además, se identificó la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre el tema para mejorar estos protocolos y reducir las complicaciones.(AU)


Introduction: The main cause of early mortality in polytrauma patients is hypovolemia secondary to massive hemorrhage. Hemocomponent and crystalloid therapy is an essential and life-saving mechanism in these situations as a measure of volume replacement. In the same way, patients with severe traumatic injuries have a significant acute decrease in circulating platelet counts that makes them candidates for transfusion of platelet components; However, the use of these blood components can lead to unwanted outcomes such as increased mortality. Although many studies reveal an increase in mortality as an outcome associated with the use of blood components, others establish its use as a reducing measure of this outcome. Objective: to present the main indications of blood components in polytrauma patients, as well as to relate the adverse events associated with their use that influence the mortality and hospitalization time of these patients. Devlopment: Mortality associated with the use of blood components is still a controversial issue. In massive hemorrhage, rapid and efficient transfusion support is essential in the treatment and care of polytrauma, hence it is necessary to have transfusion protocols that improve results and reduce complications. In addition, the need for new studies on the subject to improve these protocols and reduce complications was identified(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Traumatismo Múltiplo/mortalidade , Traumatismo Múltiplo/terapia , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/efeitos adversos , Medicina de Emergência
2.
Rev. chil. anest ; 44(2): 147-150, 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-831321

RESUMO

The case of a patient that bleed approximatelly 40 lts during a liver and kidney transplant is reported. Strategies directed to maintain hemodynamic and hemostatic conditions are discussed. Elective surgery in patients that may require massive transfusion allow to planify a strategy directed to avoid hypothermia, appearence of metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy. All of these conditions have been related to the appearence and maintenance of bleeding. Maintenance of hemostatic condition appears particularly important requiring a strategy of early administration of blood components directed to preserve an adequate level of clotting factors and platelets. The same considerations must be kept in mind when the requirement of massive transfusion is not expected and the coagulation condition must be preserved or restored.


Se reporta el caso de un paciente que sangró 40 litros durante un trasplante hepático y renal, discutiéndoselas estrategias utilizadas, mantener adecuadas condiciones hemodinámicas y hemostáticas.La cirugía electiva en pacientes que pueden requerir transfusión masiva permite planificar la implementación de medidas dirigidas a prevenir la aparición de hipotermia, acidosis metabólica y coagulopatía, los cuales han sido identificados, relacionados a la aparición y mantención de un estado de mayor sangrado. La mantención de adecuadas condiciones hemostáticas aparece como un factor de gran importancia, requiriendo una estrategia que requiere la precoz administración de hemocomponentes, con la idea de mantener adecuados niveles de factores de coagulación y plaquetas. Estas mismas consideraciones deben tenerse presente cuando el requerimiento de transfusión masiva es imprevisto, y las condiciones de hemostasia deben ser mantenidas o restauradas.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hemorragia/prevenção & controle , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/prevenção & controle , Cetose/etiologia , Cetose/prevenção & controle , Hemorragia/etiologia , Hipotermia/etiologia , Hipotermia/prevenção & controle , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/etiologia
3.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 24(supl.1): S116-S118, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-763738

RESUMO

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a condition associated with morbidity and mortality. Proper resuscitation is a mainstay of treatment and this includes the use of blood products in most severe cases. The use of blood products has potential side effects, which together with the scarcity and cost of this resource, makes it essential to avoid using them indiscriminately. Recent studies attest restrictive transfusion therapy, meaning that the threshold must be a hemoglobin transfusion of 7 g/dL for most cases. For transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets there are no studies aimed at defining the threshold transfusion in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, recommendations are followed with low level of evidence and extrapolating information from other clinical situations. Transfusing is suggested when the International Normalized Ratio (INR) is greater than 1.5 and when the platelet count is less than 50,000/ mm3. Finally, it is important to individualize treatment and emphasize that patients with cirrhosis with gastrointestinal bleeding should not be transfused with the aim of normalizing coagulation parameters, as these do not reflect the risk of bleeding.


La hemorragia digestiva es una condición asociada a morbilidad y mortalidad. Una correcta reanimación es uno de los pilares del tratamiento y ésta incluye el uso de hemoderivados en la mayoría de los casos graves. El uso de éstos tiene potenciales efectos adversos, lo que junto a la escasez y costo de este recurso, hacen indispensable evitar utilizarlos de manera indiscriminada. Estudios recientes avalan la conducta de una terapia transfusional restrictiva, es decir, que el umbral transfusional debe ser una hemoglobina de 7 g/dL para la mayoría de los casos. En el caso de la transfusión de plasma fresco congelado y plaquetas, no existen estudios dirigidos a definir el umbral transfusional en el escenario de la hemorragia digestiva. Por esta razón se siguen recomendaciones con bajo nivel de evidencia y extrapolando información de otras situaciones clínicas. Se sugiere transfundir plasma fresco congelado cuando el tiempo de protrombina está prolongado, en particular cuando el International Normalized Ratio (INR) es mayor a 1,5 y en el caso de las plaquetas, cuando el recuento es inferior a 50.000/mm3. Por último, es importante individualizar el tratamiento y enfatizar que el paciente con daño hepático crónico con hemorragia digestiva no debe ser transfundido con el objetivo de normalizar los parámetros de coagulación. Los parámetros de coagulación clásicos como el INR no reflejan el riesgo de sangrado en estos pacientes, y en consecuencia, intentar corregirlos implica transfundir en exceso con los efectos negativos que esto implica.


Assuntos
Humanos , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/normas , Transfusão de Eritrócitos/efeitos adversos
9.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2008 Jul; 75(7): 717-22
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-83810

RESUMO

The blood component support in pediatric patients is more challenging as compared to adult patients, as such, a thorough understanding of various blood components and indications for each is critical when making the decision for transfusion. Transfusion needs in pediatric group parallel the changes that accompany the transitions from fetus to neonate, neonate to infant, and throughout childhood. Modified or unmodified blood components viz. red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate are required for transfusion support in pediatric population. In general, fetuses and infants younger than 4 months of age have specialized transfusion requirements whereas transfusion of infants older than 4 months and children parallels those for adults. Transfusion practices differ widely among pediatric care units depending upon individual preferences, hospital transfusion policy and resource availability. There is a need to implement best transfusion practices and despite the lack of firm evidences, existing pediatric transfusion guidelines can help pediatric care providers in their decisions related to component transfusion.


Assuntos
Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue Intrauterina/métodos , Criança , Feto , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pediatria/métodos , Padrões de Prática Médica , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
10.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-498355

RESUMO

Aunque las infecciones causadas por agentes virales tienen una gran significación entre las infecciones transmitidas por transfusión (ITT), no se puede desconocer el peligro que representan las bacterias y algunos protozoos. Se ofrecen datos sobre la trascendencia de la transmisión por Treponema pallidum, causante de la sífilis y sobre otras bacterias que pueden contaminar las bolsas de sangre o de componentes, en particular los concentrados de plaquetas, y se hace hincapié en la importancia de las medidas higiénico-sanitarias en los centros de colecta de sangre, sean fijos o móviles. Además, se mencionan los principales parásitos, como el Trypanosomas cruzi, causante de la tripanosomiasis americana o enfermedad de Chagas, y el género Plasmodium causantes de la malaria, responsables del mayor número de ITT en la América Latina, y que se consideran enfermedades infecciosas exóticas para Cuba, lo que nos obliga a adoptar medidas epidemiológicas para mantener la seguridad de la sangre que se transfunde en el país.


Although the infections caused by viral agents are very important among the transfusion-borne diseases, the danger represented by bacteria and some protozoa cannot be ignored. Data on the transcendence of the transmission by Treponema pallidum, causative of syphilis, and on some other bacteria that may contaminate the blood bags or their components, particularly the platelet concentrates, are given. Emphasis is made on the importance of the hygienic and sanitary measures that should be taken in the fixed or mobile blood collection centres. Moreover, the main parasites such as Tripanosomas cruzi, causing American tripasonomiasis or Chagas' disease, and the genus Plasmodium producing malaria, which are responsible for the highest number of transfusion-borne infections in Latin America, are mentioned. These infectious diseases that are exotic for Cuba make us adopt epidemiological measures to maintain the safety of the blood that is transfused in the country.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/efeitos adversos , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos
14.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 62(4): 261-283, jul.-ago. 2004. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-411707

RESUMO

La mayoría de las transfusiones de sangre se efectúan durante una operación, por lo cual todo lo relacionado con el manejo de ella es relevante para el anestesiólogo. Esto adquiere importancia especialmente durante la anestesia y la cirugía, cuando ocurre una alteración de la fisiología normal del paciente; en estas situaciones pueden estar ausentes (en especial durante anestesia general), o al menos ser difíciles de interpretar, los síntomas y signos de una inadecuada provisión de oxígeno a los tejidos. En este trabajo presentamos las alternativas con que se enfrenta el anestesiólogo frente al paciente sangrante, y las condiciones o los criterios para la utilización de la sangre o sus sustitutos -sobre todo la posibilidad de utilizar soluciones libres de hematíes (hemoglobina libre del estroma de los glóbulos rojos). Además nos referimos a las soluciones fluoradas como transportadores de oxígeno, sustitutas de la hemoglobina. Analizamos también los problemas secundarios a la transfusión masiva y sus complicaciones más frecuentes.


Assuntos
Humanos , Anemia/complicações , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/efeitos adversos , Transfusão de Sangue/efeitos adversos , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue/normas , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Eritropoetina , Fluorocarbonos/uso terapêutico , Hemodiluição , Hemoglobinas/uso terapêutico , Transferência de Oxigênio , Oxiemoglobinas , Substitutos Sanguíneos/administração & dosagem , Substitutos Sanguíneos/uso terapêutico
15.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2004 May; 71(5): 441-3
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-78820

RESUMO

A 1(1/2)-month-old baby with seizures, lethargy and refusal of feeds was diagnosed to have intracranial hemorrhage due to factor VII deficiency. MRI also demonstrated the unusual presence of a hemorrhagic infarct. The case underscores the importance of carrying out neuroimaging and appropriate hematological studies even in the absence of obvious external bleeding. Hypothesis for increased propensity for intra-cranial hemorrhage is discussed.


Assuntos
Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico , Terapia Combinada , Quimioterapia Combinada , Deficiência do Fator VII/complicações , Seguimentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Medição de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento
16.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2003 Aug; 70(8): 661-6
Artigo em Inglês | IMSEAR | ID: sea-78697

RESUMO

The dramatic advances that have taken place in recent years in the care of sick and premature infants also have been matched by a similar increase in the use of blood transfusion therapy. Haematological features indicate that a newborn has a blood volume of 85-125 ml/kg the foetal haemoglobin is 60-85% and average Hb in full term infant is 18 gm/dl. By 2-3 months it falls to 11-12 g/dl the main cause of anemia are iron poor diet, weaning diets recurrent or chronic infections and hemolytic episodes in malarious areas. The red cells transfusions are usually top up transfusions, exchange transfusions, partial exchange transfusions. Top up- are for investigational losses and correction of mild degrees of anemias, upto to 5-15 ml/kg. They comprise 90% of all neonatal transfusions and are used in low birth babies in special care units for a maximum of 9-10 episodes. The walk in donor programs once popular are not much in vogue. The threshold for transfusion is 8-10 g/dl Hb for upto 5 weeks. Exchange transfusions are done for correction of anemia, removal of bilirubin, removal of antibodies and replacement of red cells. Ideally plasma reduced red cells that are not older than 5 days are used. It is prepared by removal of 120 ml of standard whole blood donation. The advantage of fresh cells is that hyperkalemia is avoided and good post transfusion survival acceptable red cell oxygen affinity. However it has to be screened for sickle cell disease and G6PD deficiency. Indications for exchange transfusion are kernicterus, neonatal hemolysis, G6PD deficiency, ARDS, neonatal sepsis, DIC and neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopaenia. Complications include over transfusion, perforation of major vessels, hypocalcaemia, citrate toxicity, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, thrombocytopenia, necrotizing enterocolitis, GVHD, bacterial, viral infections. Partial exchange transfusions are done for symptomatic anemia, where Hb<10 g/dl, it is indicated in polycythemia and hyperviscosity syndromes. Exchange volume = Blood volume x (observed Hct-Desired HCt) divided observed Hct. Points to consider-there is weak expression of ABO antigens so particular care while grouping. Transfusing volumes should be 2-5 ml/kg/hour in paediatric bags of 50-100 ml with infusion devices. Platelet transfusion are indicated in neonatal throbocytopaenia, thrombocytopaenia due to sepsis, DIC, bacterial pathogens, CMV, TORCHS, Obstetric conditions such as pre eclampsia, intrauterine death abruption placenta birth injury hypoxia schock neonatal iso immune thrombocytopaenia and maternal ITP. Administration 1 RDE/pack per 2.5 kg single dose of fresh platelets less than 24hrs which contains 55 x 10(9) cells. This also contributes fresh plasma so is useful for coagulation defects also, though there is a risk of CMV and GVHD due to leucocyte contamination. Granulocyte concentrate; Gravity leucopheresis-1:8 ratio of 60 ml of 6% HES made to stand for 1hr.


Assuntos
Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transfusão Total/métodos , Granulócitos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Transfusão de Leucócitos/métodos , Transfusão de Plaquetas/métodos
17.
Rev. argent. transfus ; 28(3/4): 127-132, jul.-dic. 2002. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-361175

RESUMO

El uso de la transfusión de granulocitos en pacientes neutropénicos severos (< 500 x 10 9/l neutrófilos), que padecen infecciones bacterianas o micóticas concomitantes, es un tema que está siendo debatido en cuanto a efectividad, pero no en cuanto a factibilidad y seguridad para pacientes y donantes. Fueron evaluados 5 pacientes con neutropenia severa e infección concomitante, quienes recibieron transfusiones de granulocitos provenientes de 11 donantes. La obtención de granulocitos se realizó previa estimulación con una sola dosis de factor estimulante de colonias granulocíticas (FEC-G) (300 µg por vía subcutánea, 12 horas antes del procedimiento de recolección), usando separador de flujo continuo COBE Spectra. Fue utilizado HES ("hidroxi-etil-almidón") como agente sedimentante junto con citrato trisódico empleado como anticoagulante. El procedimiento de leucoaféresis consistió en el procesamiento de un volumen de 3,88 a 8,50 litros de sangre durante 85 a 150 minutos, no observándose efectos adversos. El promedio de obtención de granulocitos fue de 40,92 x 10 9/litro (rango, 15,69 a 57,55). La estimulación con FEC-G permitió aumentar significativamente la recolección de células polimorfonucleares, pero una evaluación futura permitirá sacar mayores conclusiones sobre la efectividad y seguridad para donantes de este procedimiento.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Doadores de Sangue , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos , Granulócitos , Neutropenia , Doença Aguda , Infusões Intravenosas , Leucaférese/métodos , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos
20.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Cir. Plást., (1986) ; 16(1): 35-42, Jan.-Apr. 2001. tab
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS | ID: lil-317925

RESUMO

The normovolemic hemodilution is one of the various methods available to reduce (or to abolish) the use of homologous blood during elective surgeries. Ten patients with pressure sores had plastic surgery without the need for allogeneic blood transfusion using this autotranfusion modality. After removal of a concentrated blood unit into a common collection bag, a quick infusion of isotonic solution in the proportion 4:1 is carried out up to hematocrit equal to or lower than 30 (per cent) inducing oligohemia. Consequently, blood lost during surgery has lower erythrocyte concentration, reducing spoliation and getting and improved tissue oxygenation. The blood collected is replaced at the end of intervention. The indications are those of an homologous transfusion or, at least, when it would be judicious to make a preoperative storage. The proposed method was considered equivalent to homologous transfusion in the cases operated, with the advantages of easy performance, no need for refrigeration, and no need of laboratorial tests before transfusion. In addition, the risk of immunological reactions and hematogenic transmission of infectious diseases is abolished.


Assuntos
Humanos , Hemodiluição/métodos , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue Autóloga/métodos , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Técnicas Hemostáticas/normas
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